Easy sedation anesthesia guide for non-anesthetic medical personnel

Currently, sedation anesthesia is increasingly used in many medical fields, from gastroscopy to medical imaging. The demand for sedation anesthesia is expected to increase gradually with increasing number of day surgeries and increased expectations from medical services. The demand for sedation anesthesia is considerably higher than the available pool of anesthesiologists; therefore, in a significant number of cases, sedation anesthesia is induced by non-anesthesiologists. However, there is no systematic provision of education or expertise for non-anesthesiologists in delivering sedation anesthesia. In cases of non-anesthesiologists inducing anesthesia, social controversy is often caused by medical accidents and substance abuse. In this review, I have briefly summarized what non-anesthesiologists should know about sedation anesthesia and have presented guidelines simplifying sedation anesthesia for non-anesthesia medical personnel.

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Sugammadex in Zebrafish Larvae

BACKGROUND@#Sugammadex is a new neuromuscular blockade reversal agent. Recently, it has been used in patients under general anesthesia. However, sugammadex could be toxic to fetuses and pediatric patients under 3 years of age. In this study, we demonstrated the safety of sugammadex in fetuses, using zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, its neurotoxicity was evaluated using neuronal cell lines.@*METHODS@#We used SH-SY5Y cells to determine the viability of neuronal cells treated with sugammadex. Zebrafish larvae were used to determine the teratogenic effects of sugammadex.@*RESULTS@#Sugammadex showed no adverse effects on neuronal cells and zebrafish larvae. The survival rates of neuronal cells were not different in all concentrations. In addition, the heart formation of zebrafish embryos, which were exposed to various concentrations of sugammadex, were not different.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrated the feasibility of using sugammadex during pregnancy. However, further clinical studies will be required to extrapolate these results to humans.

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Sugammadex in Zebrafish Larvae

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex is a new neuromuscular blockade reversal agent. Recently, it has been used in patients under general anesthesia. However, sugammadex could be toxic to fetuses and pediatric patients under 3 years of age. In this study, we demonstrated the safety of sugammadex in fetuses, using zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, its neurotoxicity was evaluated using neuronal cell lines.METHODS: We used SH-SY5Y cells to determine the viability of neuronal cells treated with sugammadex. Zebrafish larvae were used to determine the teratogenic effects of sugammadex.RESULTS: Sugammadex showed no adverse effects on neuronal cells and zebrafish larvae. The survival rates of neuronal cells were not different in all concentrations. In addition, the heart formation of zebrafish embryos, which were exposed to various concentrations of sugammadex, were not different.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using sugammadex during pregnancy. However, further clinical studies will be required to extrapolate these results to humans.

Easy sedation anesthesia guide for non-anesthetic medical personnel

Currently, sedation anesthesia is increasingly used in many medical fields, from gastroscopy to medical imaging. The demand for sedation anesthesia is expected to increase gradually with increasing number of day surgeries and increased expectations from medical services. The demand for sedation anesthesia is considerably higher than the available pool of anesthesiologists; therefore, in a significant number of cases, sedation anesthesia is induced by non-anesthesiologists. However, there is no systematic provision of education or expertise for non-anesthesiologists in delivering sedation anesthesia. In cases of non-anesthesiologists inducing anesthesia, social controversy is often caused by medical accidents and substance abuse. In this review, I have briefly summarized what non-anesthesiologists should know about sedation anesthesia and have presented guidelines simplifying sedation anesthesia for non-anesthesia medical personnel.

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Sugammadex in Zebrafish Larvae

BACKGROUND@#Sugammadex is a new neuromuscular blockade reversal agent. Recently, it has been used in patients under general anesthesia. However, sugammadex could be toxic to fetuses and pediatric patients under 3 years of age. In this study, we demonstrated the safety of sugammadex in fetuses, using zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, its neurotoxicity was evaluated using neuronal cell lines.@*METHODS@#We used SH-SY5Y cells to determine the viability of neuronal cells treated with sugammadex. Zebrafish larvae were used to determine the teratogenic effects of sugammadex.@*RESULTS@#Sugammadex showed no adverse effects on neuronal cells and zebrafish larvae. The survival rates of neuronal cells were not different in all concentrations. In addition, the heart formation of zebrafish embryos, which were exposed to various concentrations of sugammadex, were not different.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrated the feasibility of using sugammadex during pregnancy. However, further clinical studies will be required to extrapolate these results to humans.

Easy sedation anesthesia guide for non-anesthetic medical personnel

Currently, sedation anesthesia is increasingly used in many medical fields, from gastroscopy to medical imaging. The demand for sedation anesthesia is expected to increase gradually with increasing number of day surgeries and increased expectations from medical services. The demand for sedation anesthesia is considerably higher than the available pool of anesthesiologists; therefore, in a significant number of cases, sedation anesthesia is induced by non-anesthesiologists. However, there is no systematic provision of education or expertise for non-anesthesiologists in delivering sedation anesthesia. In cases of non-anesthesiologists inducing anesthesia, social controversy is often caused by medical accidents and substance abuse. In this review, I have briefly summarized what non-anesthesiologists should know about sedation anesthesia and have presented guidelines simplifying sedation anesthesia for non-anesthesia medical personnel.

Evaluation of suitability of fluid management using stroke volume variation in patients with prone position during lumbar spinal surgery

BACKGROUND: Static parameters such as central venous pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, have limitation in evaluation of patients' volume status. Dynamic parameters such as stroke volume variation (SVV), have been used to evaluate intraoperative hemodynamic volume status, in various operations. We examined if SVV is also effective for patients undergoing operation with prone position for fluid management. METHODS: Eighteen patients that received spinal surgery under prone position November 2015 to May 2016, were enrolled. Patients were kept at an SVV value less than 14% during surgery. Changes of pre-, post-operative volume status were evaluated, using transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Mean fluid administered was 1,731.97 ± 792.38 ml. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 72.85 ± 13.50 ml before surgery, and 70.84 ± 15.00 ml after surgery (P value = 0.594). Right ventricular end-diastolic area was 15.56 ± 1.71 cm² before surgery, and 13.52 ± 2.65 cm² after surgery (P value = 0.110). Inferior vena cava diameter was 14.99 ± 1.74 mm before surgery, and 13.57 ± 2.83 mm after surgery (P value = 0.080). CONCLUSIONS: We can confirm that fluid management based on SVV is effective, even in prone position surgery. So, SVV, that can be measured by continuous arterial pressure, can be considered a guideline for effective fluid management in spinal surgery.

Correlation between regional tissue perfusion saturation and lactate level during cardiopulmonary bypass / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can cause systemic hypoperfusion, which remains undetected by routine monitoring of physiological parameters. Noninvasive tissue perfusion monitoring offers a clinical benefit by detecting low systemic perfusion. In this study, we tried to evaluate whether regional tissue perfusion saturation reflects systemic hypoperfusion during CPB. METHODS: This retrospective study included 29 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II–III, who required cardiac surgery with CPB. We evaluated the correlations of serum lactate and delivery oxygen with organ perfusion values of peripheral tissue oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen saturation. Data were recorded at different stages of CPB: T1 (pre-CPB), T2 (cooling), T3 (hypothermia), T4 (rewarming), and T5 (post-CPB). RESULTS: Lactate levels were elevated after CPB and up to weaning (P < 0.05). The levels of peripheral and tissue oxygen saturation decreased after the start of CPB (P < 0.05). Lactate levels were negatively correlated with peripheral tissue oxygen saturation levels at T4 (R = −0.384) and T5 (R = −0.370) and positively correlated with cerebral oxygen saturation at T3 (R = 0.445). Additionally, delivery oxygen was positively correlated with peripheral tissue oxygen saturation at T4 (R = 0.466). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrated that peripheral tissue oxygen saturation can be a reliable tool for monitoring systemic hypoperfusion during CPB period. We also believe that peripheral tissue oxygen saturation is a valuable marker for detecting early stages of hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery.

Flexible bronchoscopic foreign body removal through the I-gel supraglottic airway: A case report

The daily insertion of endotracheal tubes, laryngeal mask airways, oral/nasal airways, gastric tubes, transesophageal echocardiogram probes, esophageal dilators and emergency airways all involve the risk of airway structure damage. In the closed claims analysis of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 6% of all claims concerned airway injury. Among the airway injury clams, the most common cause was difficult intubation. Among many other causes, esophageal stethoscope is a relatively noninvasive monitor that provides extremely useful information. Relatively not many side effects that hardly is ratable. Some of that was from tracheal insertion, bronchial insertion resulting in hypoxia, hoarseness due to post cricoids inflammation, misguided surgical dissection of esophagus. Also oropharyngeal bleeding and subsequent anemia probably are possible and rarely pharyngeal/esophageal perforations are also possible because of this device. Careful and gentle procedure is necessary when inserting esophageal stethoscope and observations for injury and bleeding are needed after insertion.

The effects of hydromorphone on astrocytic responses in cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND: Ischemic insult during operation could cause ischemic-reperfusion injuries in brain and memory impairments. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is preferred in brain surgery to promote the use of motor evoked potential monitoring and the use of opioids is common in TIVA. However there were few studies about ischemic protective effect of opioids to astrocytes. METHODS: We used astrocytes, which were derived from human brain. We divided groups by conditioning period; i) pre-culture, ii) post-culture, or iii) pre + post-culture. All groups were treated 100 nM hydromorphone. We measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry with 2',7'-dichloroflurorescin diacetate. Then ROS in astrocytes which treated by opioid receptor antagonist were measured after treating 100 nM hydromorphone. RESULTS: ROS was reduced in hydromorphone treated group, as compared to the control group (only tert-butyl hydroperoxide [TBH] treated). There was no difference in pre-conditioned group and post-conditioned group. However, ROS was much more reduced in pre + post-conditioned group compared to pre-conditioned only or post-conditioned only group. Furthermore each selective micro-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists partially negated the effect of hydromorphone. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that hydromorphone has both preconditioning and postconditioning effects on TBH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore we proved each micro-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor relates to protective mechanism of hydromorphone to astrocytes.

Hydromorphone attenuates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expressions induced by lipopolysaccharide on HCT-116 human colon cancer cells / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity in Zebrafish

OBJECTIVES: Utilisation of high-frequency drills is known to increase noise induced hearing loss due to increasing the damages of inner ear cells. This study aimed to investigate whether preconditioning by using dexmedetomidine (DEX) decreased the occurrence of ischemia in inner cells of the ear. METHODS: We utilised a transgenic zebrafish line Brn3C, and the embryos were collected from breeding adult zebrafish. Five-day-old larvae were cultured at the density of 50 embryos, and the larvae were classified into 4 groups: control, cisplatin group, DEX group, and DEX+yohimbine; adrenoreceptor blocker group. The DEX group was categorised into 3 subgroups by dosage; 0.1, 1, and 10 microM. Preconditioning was performed for 150 minutes and then exposed to cisplatin for 6 hours. The experiment was performed in 7 replicates for each group and the number of hair cells in 3 parts of the neuromasts of each fish was determined. RESULTS: Hair cell apoptosis by cisplatin was attenuated more significantly in the DEX preconditioning group than in the control group. However, the preconditioning effects were not blocked by yohimbine. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that hearing loss caused by vibration-induced noise could be reduced by using DEX and may occur through other mechanisms rather than adreno-receptors.

Anesthetic management of hypertensive crisis in a three-year-old patient with undiagnosed severe renal artery stenosis: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Pediatric hypertensive crisis is a potentially life threatening medical emergency, usually secondary to an underlying disease. Hypertension commonly occurs during general anesthesia, and is usually promptly and appropriately treated by anesthesiologists. However in children with severe, unexplained, or refractory hypertension, it has the potential to cause morbidity and even mortality in susceptible patients. We report an anesthetic management of an unexpected hypertensive crisis that developed during general anesthesia in a three-year-old girl with undiagnosed severe left renal artery stenosis.

Anesthetic management of hypertensive crisis in a three-year-old patient with undiagnosed severe renal artery stenosis: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Pediatric hypertensive crisis is a potentially life threatening medical emergency, usually secondary to an underlying disease. Hypertension commonly occurs during general anesthesia, and is usually promptly and appropriately treated by anesthesiologists. However in children with severe, unexplained, or refractory hypertension, it has the potential to cause morbidity and even mortality in susceptible patients. We report an anesthetic management of an unexpected hypertensive crisis that developed during general anesthesia in a three-year-old girl with undiagnosed severe left renal artery stenosis.

Effect of ketamine on intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using hydromorphone and ketorolac after the Nuss surgery in pediatric patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Nuss surgery is preferred in pectus excavatum repair because this procedure produces excellent cosmetic results and prevents postoperative distressed pulmonary function. However, the procedure causes severe pain due to thoracic expansion. This study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of small doses of ketamine on an intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) using hydromorphone and ketorolac for pain control after Nuss surgery. METHODS: Forty-four patients undergoing elective Nuss surgery were randomly assigned to receive hydromorphone 3 microg/kg/hr, ketorolac 0.05 mg/kg/hr and ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg/day (Group HO, n = 22) or hydromorphone 3 microg/kg/hr, ketorolac 0.05 mg/kg/hr, ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg/day and ketamine 0.15 mg/kg/hr (Group HK, n = 22) via an IV-PCA pump after surgery. A blind observer evaluated each patient using the Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) for the assessment of pain control. The total administered PCA volume, side effects and parents satisfaction with pain control were assessed at postoperative 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in Modified CHEOPS between the groups during postoperative 48 hours. The total PCA volume in group HK was significantly lower than that in group HO (P < 0.05). The side effects in both groups did not significantly differ except for pruritus. The levels of satisfaction from the parents were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: A small dose of ketamine on IV-PCA reduced the total administered dose of IV-PCA with hydromorphone and ketorolac and reduced the incidence of pruritus after the Nuss procedure in pediatric patients.

Morphine Attenuates Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules Induced by the Supernatant of LPS-Stimulated Colon Cancer Cells

A large reservoir of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is available in the colon and this could promote colon cancer metastasis by enhancing tumor cell adhesion, intravasation, and extravasation. Furthermore, adhesion molecules like ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin play important roles in the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium. This study was designed to determine whether morphine can attenuate the expressions of adhesion molecules up-regulated by the supernatant of LPS-stimulated HCT 116 colon cancer cells (LPS-Sup). In this study, we divided to three groups by cell-growth medium of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs): the control group was incubated in growth factor-free endothelial medium, the Sup group was incubated in the supernatant of HCT 116 cells (Sup), and the LPS-Sup group was incubated in LPS-Sup. To observe effect of morphine to the adhesion molecules expressions in the LPS-Sup group, we co-treated morphine with LPS or added it to LPS-Sup. Adhesion molecule expressions on HUVECs in all three groups were measured during incubation period. Consquentially, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expressions on HUVECs were significantly lower when morphine was co-treated with LPS than not co-treated. Thus, we suggest that morphine affects the expressions of adhesion molecules primarily by attenuating LPS stimuli on tumor cells.

Morphine Postconditioning Attenuates ICAM-1 Expression on Endothelial Cells

The purpose of this study is to determine 1) whether morphine postconditiong (MPostC) can attenuate the intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) expression after reoxygenation injury and 2) the subtype(s) of the opioid receptors (ORs) that are involved with MPostC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to 6 hr anoxia followed by 12 hr reoxygenation. Three morphine concentrations (0.3, 3, 30 microM) were used to evaluate the protective effect of MPostC. We also investigated blockading the OR subtypes' effects on MPostC by using three antagonists (a micro-OR antagonist naloxone, a kappa-OR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine, and a delta-OR antagonist naltrindole) and the inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) chelerythrine. As results, the ICAM-1 expression was significantly reduced in the MPostC (3, 30 microM) groups compared to the control group at 1, 6, 9, and 12 hours reoxygenation time. As a consequence, neutrophil adhesion was also decreased after MPostC. These effects were abolished by coadministering chelerythrine, nor-binaltorphimine or naltrindole, but not with naloxone. In conclusion, it is assumed that MPostC could attenuate the expression of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells during reoxygenation via the kappa and delta-OR (opioid receptor)-specific pathway, and this also involves a PKC-dependent pathway.